Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849-1905): Historian of the Decline of Islam
Adrien Candiard Alumnus of the French École normale supérieure, Paris icon-calendar June 16, 2015 Muḥammad ʿAbduh identifies the reality of Islam and its rationality, and opposes the tradition he sees as rehearsed. In this, he is an heir of the Enlightenment and their pretention in inventing a unique universal system of